Scientific Quarterly Journal of Iranian Association of Engineering Geology

Scientific Quarterly Journal of Iranian Association of Engineering Geology

Failure Modes Analysis of Sandstones (Case Study: Markazi Province Sandstones)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
mehran nouri 1
Gholamreza Khanlari 1
Vahab Sarfarazi 2
Behrooz Rafiei 1
1 Geology department, Bu-Ali Sina university, Hamedan-Iran
2 mining engineering department, hamedan university of technology
Abstract
The aim of this study is analyzing the failure modes of sandstones related to Markazi Province using compressive strength changes. For this purpose, the fracture modes of five different types of sandstones with different compressive strength values have been studied experimentally and numerically. Also, The effect of failure modes on uniaxial compressive strength was quantified. block samples were collected from different sandstone formations located in northern part of Markazi province. These sandstones were divided into five types based on the textural and mineralogical characteristics. These samples were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength testing. Examination of the fracture modes showed that simple shear mode occurred at low values of strength and it changes to multiple extension mode with increasing the compressive strength. The dominant failure mode for types 1, 2 and 4 is simple shear and for types 3 and 5 is multiple extension. Investigation of failure modes in different strength ranges showed that the dominant failure modes up to 140 and over 140 MPa are simple shear and multiple extension, respectively. Therefore, strength of 140 MPa was considered as the transisson point. Also, in this study, the failure modes of the experimental samples were numerically simulated using PFC2D software. The results of numerical modeling showed a good agreement with the experimental results.
Keywords
sandstones
failure mode
UCS
PFC2D
Akesson, U., Hansson, J., Stigh, J., 2004. Characterization of microcracks in the Bohus granite, western Sweden, caused by uniaxial cyclic loading. Eng Geol, 72:131–142.
Anon., 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geo logical mapping. Part 1—Rock and soil materials. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 19, 364–371.
Bahaaddini, M., Sharrock, G., Hebblewhite, B.K., 2013. Numerical investigation of the effect of joint geometrical parameters on the mechanical properties of a non-persistent jointed rock mass under uniaxial compression. Computers and Geotechnics, 49: 206-25.
Basu., A. 2006. Mechanical characterization of granitic rocks of Hong Kong by improved index testing procedures with reference to weathering induced microstructural changes. PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong.
Basu, A., Celestino, T.B., Bortolucci, A.A., 2009. Evaluation of rock mechanical behaviours under uniaxial compression for different weathering grades. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 42:73–93.
Basu, A., Mishra, D.A., Roychowdhury, K., 2013. Rock failure modes under uniaxial compression, Brazilian, and point load tests. Bull Eng Geol Environ, 72:457–475.
Bobet, A., 1997. Fracture Coalescence in Rock Materials: Experimental Observations and Numerical Predictions, MIT, Massachusetts, Cambridge, 1997.
Deere, D.U., Miller, R.P., 1966. Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock. Tech. Rep. AFWL-TR- 65-116, Air Force Weapons Lab., Kirtland Air Force Base, 308 pp.
Diederichs, M., 2003. Manuel rocha medal recipient rock fracture and collapse under low confinement conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 36(5):339–381.
Diederichs, M.S., 1999. Instability of hard rockmasses: the role of tensile damage and relaxation. Ph.D Thesis, University of Waterloo, Canada.
Dyskin, A.V., Sahouryeh, R.J.Jewell. 2003. Influence of Shape and Locations of Initial 3-D Cracks on Their Growth in Uniaxial Compression. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 70:2115-2136.
Folk, E., 1980. Petrography of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphill Publishing Company, 182p.
Hudyma, N., Avar, B.B., Karakouzian, M., 2004. Compressive strength and failure modes of lithophysae-rich Topopah Spring Tuff specimens and analog models containing cavities. Eng Geol, 73:179–190.
Ingersoll, R.V., Bullard, T.F., Ford, R.L., Grimm, J.P., Pickle, J.D., Sars, S.W., 1984. The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi–Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54 (1), 103–116.
ISRM., 1981. The complete ISRM Suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring, edited by Brown. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Itasca Consulting Group Inc., 2004/2005. PFC2D/3D (Particle Flow Code in 2/3 Dimensions) User’s Guides, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Jaeger, J.C., Cook, N.G.W., 1979. Fundamentals of rock mechanics, 3rd edn. Chapman & Hall, London.
Klein, E., Baud, P., Reuschle, T., Wong, T.F., 2001. Mechanical behavior and failure mode of Bensteim sandstone under triaxial compression. Phys Chem Earth (A) 26:21–25.
Maji, V.B., 2011. Understanding failure mode in uniaxial and triaxial compression for a hard brittle rock. In: Proceedings of the 12th ISRM international congress on rock mechanics. CRC Press/ Balkema, Leiden, pp 723–726.
Martin, C., Chandler, N., 1994. The progressive fracture of Lac du Bonnet granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr Pergamon, 31(6):643–659.
Imani, M., Nejati, H.M., Goshtasbi, K., 2017. Dynamic response and failure mechanism of Brazilian disk specimens at high strain rate. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 100: 261–269.
Mogi, K., 2007. Experimental rock mechanics. Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Park, C.H., Bobet, A., 2010. Crack Initiation, Propagation and Coalescence from Frictional Flaws in Uniaxial Compression. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 77: 2727-2748.
Potyondy, D.O., 2012. A flat-jointed bonded-particle material for hard rock. In: Proceedings of the 46th US Rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Potyondy, D.O., Cundall, P.A., 2004. A bonded-particle model for rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci, 41(8):1329-64.
Sammis, C.G., Ashby, M.F., 1986. The failure of brittle porous solids under compressive stress state. Acta Metall, 30:511–526.
Santarelli, F.J., Brown, E.T., 1989. Failure of three sedimentary rocks in triaxial and hollow cylinder compression tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr, 26:401–413.
Schopfer, M.P., Abe, S., Childs, C., Walsh, J.J., 2009. The impact of porosity and crack density on the elasticity, strength and friction of cohesive granular materials: insights from DEM modelling. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 46(2):250–261.
Shunchuan, W.u.,  Xueliang, X.u., 2016. A Study of Three Intrinsic Problems of the Classic Discrete Element Method Using Flat-Joint Model.  Rock Mech Rock Eng, 49(5): 1813–1830.
Szwedzicki, T., 2007. A Hypothesis on Modes of Failure of Rock Samples Tested in Uniaxial Compression Rock Mech. Rock Engng, 40(1): 97–104.
Szwedzicki, T., Shamu, W., 1996. Detection of planes of weakness in rock samples using nondestructive testing method. In: Proc., ’96 International Symposium on Mining Science and Technology, China. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 759–763.
Szwedzicki, T., Shamu, W., 1999. The effect of material discontinuities on strength of rock samples. In: Proc., Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 304(1): 23–28.
Taoying, l., Ping, C., 1989. Failure Mechanisms Of Brittle Rocks under Uniaxial Compression. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Sofia, 47(3): 59-80.
Xueliang, X.,  Shunchuan, W., Yongtao, G., Miaofei, X., 2016. Effects of Micro-structure and Micro-parameters on Brazilian Tensile Strength Using Flat-Joint Model Rock Mech Rock Eng, 49:3575–3595.
Zhang, Q., Zhu, H., Zhang, L., Ding, X., 2012. Effect of micro-parameters on the Hoek–Brown strength parameter mi for intact rock using particle flow modeling. In: The 46th US rock mechanics geomechanics symposium, ARMA-12-672.

  • Receive Date 04 September 2019
  • Revise Date 10 January 2020
  • Accept Date 16 February 2020